I 36 Stratagemmi
(da utilizzare nella lotta di resistenza alla bancocrazia)
In un famoso testo cinese di strategia militare, i suggerimenti per un approccio "orientale" al problem-solving. Stratagemmi per vincere(*)
I “Attraversare il mare ingannando il cielo”: è lo spostare l’attenzione dell’avversario su particolari poco rilevanti.
II “Assediare Wei per salvare Zhao”: è più saggio sferrare un attacco quando le forze nemiche sono disperse.
III “Uccidere con una spada presa a prestito”: indurre un nostro alleato ad attaccare il nemico, per mantenere la propria energia.
IV “Attendere riposati l’avversario affaticato”: attendere, mantenendosi in difesa, lo scoramento del nemico.
V “Approfittare dell’incendio per darsi al saccheggio”: attaccare direttamente il nemico, quando si trova in un momento critico.
VI “Clamore a Oriente, attacco a Occidente”: attaccare quando il nemico perde il controllo ed è nella confusione.
Stratagemmi per il contrattacco
VII “Creare qualcosa dal nulla”: indurre nel nemico una credenza non corrispondente alla realtà, che possa produrre in lui angoscia e paura riguardo all’esito della battaglia.
VIII “Avanzare di nascosto verso Chenchang”: attaccare di sorpresa, di soppiatto.
IX “Osservare l’incendio sulla riva opposta”: aspettare tranquillamente quando un conflitto interno è in atto nella fazione opposta e prepararsi per il vantaggio che ne deriverà.
X “Celare un pugnale dietro un sorriso”: abbassare la guardia del nemico, tramite finte dimostrazioni di benevolenza nei suoi confronti e conseguentemente attaccarlo.
XI “Far appassire il prugno al posto del pesco”: sacrificare una parte a favore del tutto, quando la sconfitta è inevitabile.
XII “Portar via la pecora che capita sotto mano”: trasformare qualsiasi pur piccola negligenza del nemico in proprio vantaggio.
Stratagemmi per l’attacco
XIII “Battere l’erba per spaventare i serpenti”: far muovere prima l’avversario, per capirne la tattica.
XIV “Prendere a prestito un cadavere per rifondervi lo spirito”: sfruttare tutte le forze, anche i deboli, sfruttando il fatto che essi hanno più bisogno di te di quanto tu non lo abbia di loro.
XV “Snidare la tigre dalla montagna”: usare le circostanze naturali sfavorevoli per intrappolare il nemico in una posizione difficile, usando poi l’inganno nel farlo uscire dalla sua stessa gabbia, per attaccarlo.
XVI “Allentare la presa per serrarla”: non colpire troppo duramente le forze nemiche; esse risponderanno ferocemente. Ritardare attentamente l’attacco.
XVII “Lanciare un mattone per ottenere una giada”: usare un’esca per snidare il nemico e attaccarlo.
XVIII “Catturare i banditi agguantandone il leader”. Colpendo il loro capo, i nemici cederanno.
Stratagemmi per confondere
XIX “Togliere l’erba da sotto il pentolone”: evitare lo scontro diretto con un nemico più forte, cercandone invece il punto debole.
XX “Intorbidire l’acqua per catturare i pesci”: creare confusione per lasciare l’avversario senza punti di riferimento.
XXI “La cicala dorata abbandona il guscio”: far credere al nemico di non essere in una posizione precedente all’attacco.
XXII “Chiudere le porte per catturare il ladro”: davanti al nemico debole, circondarlo e distruggerlo. Non lasciarlo ritirarsi, mettendo se stessi così in una posizione sfavorevole nel ricorrerlo.
XXIII “Allearsi ai lontani per attaccare i vicini”: è più facile conquistare i nemici vicini che i lontani. E per far questo ci si può alleare temporaneamente con i nemici lontani.
XXIV “Fingersi di passaggio per occupare Guo”: aiutare, con le proprie truppe, chi è minacciato dai propri nemici, per allargare la propria sfera di influenza.
Strategemmi per l’avanzamento
XXV “Rubare la trave, sostituire la colonna”: fiaccare la resistenza principale della truppa nemica, inducendo frequenti cambiamenti nella sua formazione di battaglia.
XXVI “Additare il gelso per maledire la sofora”.
XXVII “Fingersi stolti ma non pazzi”: meglio fingersi stupidi, nascondendo la propria forza all’avversario.
XXVIII “Far salire sul tetto e portar via la scala”: dare a credere al nemico l’esistenza di alcuni fittizi punti di debolezza proprii, per farlo entrare attraverso di essi e così intrappolarlo.
XXIX “Far spuntare i fiori sull’albero”: usare apparenze ingannevoli per fare apparire la propria truppa più potente di quanto non sia.
XXX “Mutarsi da ospite in padrone di casa”: estendere abilmente la propria influenza nel nemico, mettendolo finalmente sotto il vostro controllo.
Stratagemmi nella perdita
XXXI “Stratagemma della bellezza femminile”: sottomettere il comandante della truppa avversa, giocando sulle sue debolezze riguardo ai piaceri sensuali.
XXXII “Stratagemma della città vuota”: quando siete in inferiorità, scegliete deliberatamente una tattica di non difesa per confondere il nemico.
XXXIII “Stratagemma della spia che torna sui propri passi”: usare la spia del nemico, dandole a credere falsi progetti di strategie future.
XXXIV “Stratagemma dell’autolesionismo”: dare prova agli occhi del nemico di essere stati vinti da lui, dimostrandogli genuinità e ingenuità.
XXXV “Concatenamento degli stratagemmi”.
XXXVI “La fuga è lo stratagemma migliore”: quando il nemico è troppo potente, ritirarsi.
* La traduzione dei 36 stratagemmi è a cura di Gianluca Magi
Gianluca Magi insegna "Storia delle religioni in Cina" presso la Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere (Corso di laurea in Lingue e Civiltà Orientali) e "Induismo e buddhismo" presso la Facoltà di Sociologia (Corso di laurea specialistica in Antropologia ed epistemologia delle religioni) dell'Università di Urbino. Nel 1997 a Rimini ha fondato la Scuola Superiore di Filosofia Orientale e Comparativa dove insegna tuttora. Compie numerosi viaggi in Oriente durante i quali ha potuto approfondire i suoi interessi psicologici, spirituali e linguistici. Da queste varie esperienze, ha elaborato una tecnica di lavoro di sviluppo interiore che integra le tecniche di meditazione del sufismo la psicoanalisi e la psicologia transpersonale.
I 36 Stratagemmi
L’arte segreta della strategia cinese per trionfare in ogni campo della vita quotidiana
a cura di Gianluca Magi
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Strategy 1
Fool the Emperor to Cross the Sea
Moving about in the darkness and shadows, occupying isolated places, or hiding behind screens will only attract suspicious attention. To lower an enemy's guard you must act in the open hiding your true intentions under the guise of common every day activities.
Strategy 2
Besiege Wei to Rescue Zhao
When the enemy is too strong to attack directly, then attack something he holds dear. Know that in all things he cannot be superior. Somewhere there is a gap in the armour, a weakness that can be attacked instead. If the enemy is on campaign, his home defence will be weak, if his army is fast, his baggage trains will be slow, if the army well equipped, the treasury will be at a loss.
Strategy 3
Kill with a Borrowed Sword
When you do not have the means to attack your enemy directly, then attack using the strength of another. Trick an ally into attacking him, bribe an official to turn traitor, or use the enemy's own strength against him.
Strategy 4
Await the Exhausted Enemy at Your Ease
It is an advantage to choose the time and place for battle. In this way you know when and where the battle will take place, while your enemy does not. Encourage your enemy to expend his energy in futile quests while you conserve your strength. When he is exhausted and confused, you attack with energy and purpose.
Strategy 5
Loot a Burning House
When a country is beset by internal conflicts, when disease and famine ravage the population, when corruption and crime are rampant, then it will be unable to deal with an outside threat. This is the time to attack.
Strategy 6
Clamour in the East, Attack in the West
In any battle the element of surprise can provide an overwhelming advantage. Even when face to face with an enemy, surprise can still be employed by attacking where he least expects it. To do this you must create an expectation in the enemy's mind through the use of a feint. If you plan to attack on the right flank, you first manoeuvre your left, if you wis h to invade, you first pretend to improve your defence, if you intend to hold your ground, make a display of packing up.
Strategy 7
Create Something From Nothing
You use the same feint twice. Having reacted to the first and often the second feint as well, the enemy will be hesitant to react to a third feint. Therefore the third feint is the actual attack catching your enemy with his guard down.
Strategy 8
Openly Repair The Walkway, Secretly March to Chencang
Attack the enemy with two convergent forces. The first is the direct attack, one that is obvious and for which the enemy prepares his defence. The second is the indirect, the attack sinister, that the enemy does not expect and which causes him to divide his forces at the last minute leading to confusion and disaster.
Strategy 9
Observe the Fire on the Opposite Shore
Delay entering the field of battle until all the other players have become exhausted fighting amongst themselves. Then go in full strength and pick up the pieces.
Strategy 10
Hide Your Dagger Behind a Smile
Charm and ingratiate yourself to your enemy. When you have gained his trust, you move against him in secret.
Strategy 11
Sacrifice the Plum Tree In Place of the Peach
There are circumstances in which you must sacrifice short term objectives in order to gain the long term goal. This is the scapegoat strategy whereby someone else suffers the consequences so that the rest do not.
Strategy 12
Seize the Opportunity to Lead a Sheep Away
While carrying out your plans be flexible enough to take advantage of any opportunity that presents itself, however small, and avail yourself of any profit, however slight.
Strategy 13
Beat The Grass To Startle The Snake
When you cannot detect the opponent's plans launch a direct, but brief, attack and observe your opponent's reactions. His behaviour will reveal his strategy.
Strategy 14
Borrow a Corpse to Raise the Spirit
Take an institution, a technology, or a method that has been forgotten or discarded and appropriate it for your own purpose. Revive something from the past by giving it a new purpose or to reinterpret and bring to life old ideas, customs, and traditions.
Strategy 15
Lure the Tiger Down the Mountain
Never directly attack a well entrenched opponent. Instead lure him away from his stronghold and separate him from his source of strength.
Strategy 16
To Catch Something, First Let It Go
Cornered prey will often mount a final desperate attack. To prevent this you let the enemy believe he still has a chance for freedom. His will to fight is thus dampened by his desire to escape. When in the end the freedom is proven a falsehood the enemy's morale will be defeated and he will surrender without a fight.
Strategy 17
Toss Out A Brick To Attract Jade
Prepare a trap then lure your enemy into the trap by using bait. In war the bait is the illusion of an opportunity for gain. In life the bait is the illusion of wealth, power, and sex.
Strategy 18
To Catch The Bandits First Capture Their Leader
If the enemy's army is strong but is allied to the commander only by money or threats then, take aim at the leader. If the commander falls the rest of the army will disperse or come over to your side. If, however, they are allied to the leader through loyalty then beware, the army can continue to fight on after his death out of vengeance.
Strategy 19
Steal The Firewood From Under The Pot
When faced with an enemy too powerful to engage directly you must first weaken him by undermining his foundation and attacking his source of power.
Strategy 20
Trouble The Water To Catch The Fish
Before engaging your enemy's forces create confusion to weaken his perception and judgement. Do something unusual, strange, and unexpected as this will arouse the enemy's suspicion and disrupt his thinking. A distracted enemy is thus more vulnerable.
Strategy 21
Shed Your Skin Like The Golden Cicada
When you are in danger of being defeated, and your only chance is to escape and regroup, then create an illusion. While the enemy's attention is focussed on this artifice, secretly remove your men leaving behind only the facade of your presence.
Strategy 22
Shut The Door To Catch The Thief
If you have the chance to completely capture the enemy then you should do so thereby bringing the battle or war to a quick and lasting conclusion. To allow your enemy to escape plants the seeds for future conflict. But if they succeed in escaping, be wary of giving chase.
Strategy 23
Befriend a Distant Enemy to Attack One Nearby
It is known that nations that border each other become enemies while nations separated by distance and obstacles make better allies. When you are the strongest in one field, your greatest threat is from the second strongest in your field, not the strongest from another field.
Strategy 24
Borrow the Road to Conquer Guo
Borrow the resources of an ally to attack a common enemy. Once the enemy is defeated, use those resources to turn on the ally that lent you them in the first place.
Strategy 25
Replace the Beams with Rotten Timbers
Disrupt the enemy's formations, interfere with their methods of operations, change the rules in which they are used to following, go contrary to their standard training. In this way you remove the supporting pillar, the common link which makes a group of men an effective fighting force.
Strategy 26
Point at the Mulberry But Curse the Locust Tree
To discipline, control, or warn others whose status or position excludes them from direct confrontation; use analogy and innuendo. Without directly naming names, those accused cannot retaliate without revealing their complicity.
Strategy 27
Feign Madness But Keep Your Balance
Hide behind the mask of a fool, a drunk, or a madman to create confusion about your intentions and motivations. Lure your opponent into underestimating your ability until, overconfident, he drops his guard. Then you may attack.
Strategy 28
Lure Your Enemy Onto the Roof, Then Take Away the Ladder
With baits and deceptions lure your enemy into treacherous terrain. Then cut off his lines of communication and avenue of escape. To save himself he must fight both your own forces and the elements of nature.
Strategy 29
Tie Silk Blossoms to the Dead Tree
Tying silk blossoms on a dead tree gives the illusion that the tree is healthy. Through the use of artifice and disguise make something of no value appear valuable; of no threat appear dangerous; of no use, useful.
Strategy 30
Exchange the Role of Guest for that of Host
Defeat the enemy from within by infiltrating the enemy's camp under the guise of cooperation, surrender, or peace treaties. In this way you can discover his weakness and then, when the enemy's guard is relaxed, strike directly at the source of his strength.
Strategy 31
The Strategy of Beautiful Women
Send your enemy beautiful women to cause discord within his camp. This strategy can work on three levels. First, the ruler becomes so enamoured with the beauty that he neglects his duties and allows his vigilance to wane. Second, other males at court will begin to display aggressive behaviour which inflames minor differences hindering co-operation and destroying morale. Third, other females at court, motivated by jealousy and envy, begin to plot intrigues further exasperating the situation.
Strategy 32
The Strategy of Open City Gates
When the enemy is superior in numbers and your situation is such that you expect to be overrun at any moment, then drop all pretence of military preparedness and act casually. Unless the enemy has an accurate description of your situation this unusual behaviour will arouse suspicions. With luck he will be dissuaded from attacking.
Strategy 33
The Strategy of Sowing Discord
Undermine your enemy's ability to fight by secretly causing discord between him and his friends, allies, advisors, family, commanders, soldiers, and population. While he is preoccupied settling internal disputes his ability to attack or defend, is compromised.
Strategy 34
The Strategy of Injuring Yourself
Pretending to be injured has two possible applications. In the first, the enemy is lulled into relaxing his guard since he no longer considers you to be an immediate threat. The second is a way of ingratiating yourself to your enemy by pretending the injury was caused by a mutual enemy.
Strategy 35
The Tactic of Combining Tactics
In important matters one should use several strategies applied simultaneously. Keep different plans operating in an overall scheme; in this manner if any one strategy fails you would still have several others to fall back on. Combining even weak strategies in unison has a greater effectiveness than applying them sequentially.
Strategy 36
If All Else Fails Retreat
If it becomes obvious that your current course of action will lead to defeat then retreat and regroup. When your side is losing there are only three choices remaining, surrender, compromise, or escape. Surrender is complete defeat, compromise is half defeat, but escape is not defeat. As long as you are not defeated, you still have a chance.
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| 三十六計 佚名 |
| |
[编辑] 總說
六六三十六，數中有術，術中有數。陰陽燮理，機在其空，機不可設，設則不中。
【按語】解語重數不重理，蓋理，術語自明；而數，則在言外，若徒知術之為術，而不知術中有數，則術多不應，且詭謀權術，原在事理之中，人情之內。徜事出不經，則詭異立見，詫世惑俗，而機謀洩矣。或曰：三十六計中，每六計成一套，第一套為勝戰計，第二套為敵戰計，第三套為攻戰計，第四套為混戰計，第五套為並戰計，第六套為敗戰計。。。
[编辑] 目錄
------------------------------------------------------- 三 十 六 計 36 Ji 
– Les 36 stratagèmes
Répertoire de proverbes tactiques liés au Yi Jing et aide-mémoire pour se tirer de situations conflictuelles. Trad. Doc Mac Jr (fr) et Vestappen (en)
| I. | 勝 戰 計 | Plans pour les batailles déjà gagnées | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| II. | 敵 戰 計 | Plans pour les batailles indécises | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| III. | 攻 戰 計 | Plans pour les batailles offensives | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 |
| IV. | 混 戰 計 | Plans pour les batailles à partis multiples | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 |
| V. | 併 戰 計 | Plans pour les batailles d'union et d'annexion | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
| VI. | 敗 戰 計 | Plans pour les batailles presque perdues. | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 |
6 x 6 = 36
Des nombres d'abord, puis une forme en surgit,
une forme qui est seulement un arrangement de nombres
(car l'art et le tour de main, ici, reposent sur des calculs précis).
Quand le grand carré a été réparti en paires Yin et Yang
(de formations complémentaires sur ses quatre faces ou sur ses quatre angles)
un « petit reste » demeure dans l'espace, au centre et attend l'occasion
(Qu'en faire ? Nul ne peut le savoir encore ...)
et il est inutile d'échafauder le stratagème auparavant.
Il manquerait son but.
Ref : Kircher p.21
Présentation
« En 1939, sur un marché de Chine du Nord, un officiel du Guomindang découvre un livre de recettes d'immortalité. A la fin de l'ouvrage se trouve un court traité de stratégie : Les 36 stratagèmes. Ce recueil secret datant probablement de l'époque de la dynastie des Ming (1366-1610) offre un tableau exhaustif de toutes les ruses et des différentes méthodes, accompagnées de commentaires, qui permettent de les interpréter en termes de stratégie militaire. Manuel de guérilla ou traité de philosophie inspiré du Livre des mutations (Yijing), il permet de faire face à toutes les situations conflictuelles, et de l'emporter sur l'adversaire, jusque dans les batailles presque perdues : Rien dans les mains / Rien dans les poches / Ruse des mauvais jours / Ruse des ruses / Le Yiking dit: « A la frontière en force et faiblesse. » Cf. la traduction française de François Kircher.
Reconnue le plus souvent pour sa littérature philosophique, morale ou poétique, la Chine a produit aussi une importante littérature militaire, dont l'Art de la Guerre de Sun Zi est le représentant le plus illustre. Il peut sembler à l'amateur que les sinologues ont rarement inclus ce terrain dans leur recherches. Pourtant, les businessmen ou les joueurs d'aujourd'hui, outre quelques proverbes faussement attribués à Confucius, connaissent de la Chine avant tout le Sunzi, et l'ont lu. Tous les chemins sont bons pour qui découvre une autre culture. La lecture de ce petit « recueil d'exceptions », de ce vade-mecum de ruses passablement diaboliques, incarnées chacune dans un proverbe courant se référant la plupart du temps à une vieille anecdote de l'Histoire militaire chinoise ; l'approfondissement nécessaire à sa compréhension mèneront le lecteur vers diverses autres parties de la culture chinoise, comme le fameux Livre des Mutations, la rude philosophie légiste et ses fables machiavéliques répertoriés par Hanfei Zi, ou bien l'Histoire des Trois royaumes (un des quatre plus fameux romans en langue commune, avec le Voyage en Occident, le Rêve dans le Pavillon rouge et Au bord de l'eau, magistralement traduit par Jacques Dars). On peut aussi orienter ses recherches vers les Chengyu, ces innombrables proverbes en quatre caractères dont s'émaille aujourd'hui encore la langue écrite et parlée, qui sont comme des résidus de la distillation par les siècles de la culture chinoise, et qui servent de titres aux trente-six stratagèmes.
Dans les romans d'aventures, on lit souvent que « des trente-six stratagèmes, le meilleur est le dernier » ou encore qu'« entre trente-six solutions, la meilleure est la fuite », ce qui relève d'une sagesse pragmatique. Si trente-six choix équivalents s'offrent à vous, c'est certainement qu'aucun n'est le bon... Cependant, des Trente-six Stratagèmes proposés ici, on peut préférer le tout premier, intitulé « 6 × 6 = 36 » et servant de préface (voir ci-dessus), que François Kircher interprète comme une allusion à un petit reste, un espace vide permettant à tout l'appareil de fonctionner harmonieusement, bref : un jeu au sens mécanique du terme. Marcel Granet décrit en détail une « tendance si souvent rencontrée d'ajuster les ensembles et de déterminer les proportions en réservant toujours le jeu d'une unité. » (La Pensée chinoise p. 220). Cette imprécision assumée d'une unité permet par exemple d'égaler 80 (8 × 10) et 81 (9 × 9), puis de construire une cosmologie des nombres (incluant la théorie des cinq éléments) qui décrive adéquatement le monde, et permette aussi de construire une gamme musicale. Ce « petit rien qui fait tout » rappelle aussi ce vide au milieu du moyeu qui permet à la roue de tourner, proposé à la méditation par Lao-tseu, ainsi que la conception du « non-agir » donnant au roi sa pleine puissance.
Le commun des lecteurs n'étant pas roi, ni même général, il pourra se contenter de consulter cet étrange opuscule en y cherchant matière à réflexion sur, par exemple, le hacking, la pratique du jeu de Go, des arts martiaux, les stratégies commerciales, l'infinie réversibilité de la tromperie, la crudité de la condition humaine, ou même sur les problèmes actuels de géopolitique.
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