mercoledì 1 settembre 2010

Now that GATA can be quoted, can central banks be asked?

Submitted by cpowell on Mon, 2010-08-30 21:54. Section: Daily Dispatches

6:06p ET Monday, August 30, 2010

Dear Friend of GATA and Gold:

For years GATA banged on the door of the Financial Times, including a meeting in London with the newspaper's commodities reporter a year and a half ago, trying to get some attention for the international central bank gold price suppression scheme. The clamor went without result until this weekend, when the FT published a long story about gold by the paper's personal finance reporter, Ellen Kelleher, which was also in large part about GATA's work. The interview with GATA Chairman Bill Murphy that was cited in the story took place more than three months ago, indicating perhaps the sensitivity of the issue to this organ of the financial establishment.

Of course GATA is grateful for the FT story, for a few reasons:

-- It called GATA and the gold price suppression scheme to the attention of a large and influential audience, though perhaps much of the most influential part of that audience already had its own suspicions about the gold market.

-- It showed that GATA has some respectable and important support, citing the British investment banker Adam Fleming, U.S. Rep. Ron Paul, and market analyst Paul Mylchreest.

-- It disparaged the gold dishoarding begun by the British government in 1999, at the bottom of the gold market.

-- It raised doubt about the competence of the government agencies in charge of the international financial system.

-- And it was able to find only the weakest criticism of GATA's work, quoting Martin Murenbeeld of Dundee Wealth Economics: "'It's bunk. ... It's a massive conceit on the part of gold people to think that gold is so important that the Federal Reserve and the president of the United States are out there manipulating the gold price."

Of course to GATA this is not a "massive conceit" at all but a close examination of public record, which is exactly what technical analysts like Murenbeeld arrogantly refuse to undertake. For starters, at least four chairmen of the Federal Reserve Board have publicly implicated the Fed in the gold price suppression scheme:

http://www.gata.org/node/8962

Before ridiculing gold price suppression as "bunk" and a "massive conceit," did Murenbeeld ever try to put any critical questions about gold policy to the Fed, the Treasury Department, or other central banks? Has Murenbeeld ever gotten and published a clear denial of their surreptitious involvement in the gold market? Has he reviewed all central bank correspondence and other communication with investment banks in regard to the gold market, like the communication the Fed insists on keeping secret as GATA sues the Fed in U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia under the Freedom of Information Act? Has Murenbeeld seen the gold swap agreements the Fed acknowledges having with foreign banks, agreements the Fed says are "properly withheld" from the public?

Of course not. Just as in establishment journalism, in technical analysis of the gold market, seeking answers from the primary sources just isn't done. Despite citing GATA so prominently, the FT's weekend story about gold didn't go to the primary sources either -- not once. This is still considered bad manners. But it's more than that with technical analysts like Murenbeeld. For going to the primary sources risks exposing their work, their entire careers, as meaningless. The "massive conceit" is actually technical analysis of manipulated markets.

As KAM LP fund manager Michael Kreiger wrote Friday in his essay "The Elites Have Lost the Right to Rule," posted at Zero Hedge (http://www.zerohedge.com/article/elites-have-lost-right-rule), "... the markets are a hologram put in front of you by the magicians at the Fed." That is, more than the gold market is an illusion, surreptitious central bank market intervention having become so pervasive over the last few years.

Your secretary/treasurer put it this way at GATA's Washington conference in April 2008 (http://www.gata.org/node/6242):

"One market intervention encourages another and another and increases the political pressure to keep intervening to benefit special interests rather than the general interest -- to benefit especially the financial interests, the banking and investment banking industries. These interventions, subsidies to special interests, increasingly are needed to prevent the previous imbalances from imploding. And so we have come to an era of daily market interventions by central banks -- so much so that the main purpose of central banking now is to prevent ordinary markets from happening at all."

A year and a half ago and again this year GATA presented the Financial Times with its complete file of public record documenting the gold price suppression scheme:

http://www.gata.org/taxonomy/term/21

As far as GATA knows, this file is yet to be quoted from or presented to central bankers by respectable journalistic publications seeking an explanation. But the weekend's FT story is a first step. Perhaps in time journalists for other publications or even the FT itself will try demanding answers from the primary source, the way it used to be done in journalism. If GATA now can be at least mentioned even in the Financial Times, real journalism can't be far away -- along with the end of the gold price suppression scheme.

CHRIS POWELL, Secretary/Treasurer
Gold Anti-Trust Action Committee Inc.

OLTRE L’ERA DELL’INGANNO

mercoledì 1 settembre 2010

OLTRE L’ERA DELL’INGANNO - Verità impietose sulle truffe che soggiogano i popoli

RECENSIONE LIBRO:

Antonella Randazzo

OLTRE L’ERA DELL’INGANNO
Verità impietose sulle truffe che soggiogano i popoli

Il Premio Nobel Harold Pinter disse: “Ciò che ci circonda è un grande arazzo di menzogne su cui ci nutriamo”.
Negli ultimi anni, sempre più persone si stanno accorgendo dell’esistenza di questo “arazzo di menzogne”. Schiere di politici, giornalisti e pseudo-intellettuali, non bastano più a proteggere “l’arazzo”. Truffe e menzogne stanno emergendo, e da ciò deriva una maggiore consapevolezza.
Il libro “Oltre l’era dell’inganno” ha come obiettivo principale quello di fare il punto sulla consapevolezza raggiunta in tutti i settori importanti dell’esistenza umana: Scienza, Storia, Economia, Finanza, cultura e comunicazione.
Si deve fare il punto di ciò che è stato per andare oltre, per vedere cosa ci si propone per il futuro.
Con un alto livello di consapevolezza si può scegliere di abbracciare una realtà migliore, comprendendo che assumersi la responsabilità della propria esistenza significa indebolire chi della deresponsabilizzazione personale ha fatto la base del suo potere.
Questo libro analizza molti aspetti nei quali la nostra cultura non appare libera, e coloro che vogliono mantenere lo "status quo" hanno bisogno di ingannare per continuare ad esercitare potere.
Lungi dall’essere individui impotenti e passivi come l’attuale sistema ci vorrebbe, si può abbracciare una visione della realtà che vede noi stessi come gli artefici della nostra esistenza, capaci di concepire e creare un’esistenza migliore.
La sfida è quella di concepire sistemi alternativi, per creare un mondo in cui prevalga la pace, e i governi siano guidati da persone oneste e sagge. Dove ci sia un’equa distribuzione delle risorse e dove la giusta informazione sostituisca la menzogna e l’inganno, che finora hanno controllato le nostre vite.

INDICE

INTRODUZIONE....................................................................5

CAPITOLO I - GLI INGANNI MEDIATICI..........................................................................11
Par. I. 1 - I canali mediatici informativi
Par. I. 2 - La televisione e il cinema
Par. I. 3 - I condizionamenti mediatici diretti ai più giovani
Par. I. 4 - La rete Internet
Par. I. 5 - Comunicazione sociale e propaganda
Par. I. 6 -Il condizionamento e la Programmazione Neuro Linguistica.
Par. I. 7 - Altri metodi di controllo

CAPITOLO II - IL SISTEMA POLITICO..........................................................................179
Par II. 1 - Partiti, Sindacati e lavoratori

CAPITOLO III - LE MISTIFICAZIONI STORICHE .......................................................................................223

CAPITOLO IV - ERRORI E INGANNI DELLE SCIENZE UFFICIALI..........................................................................256
Par. IV. 1 - Cos’è che garantisce la conoscenza scientifica?
Par. IV. 2 - La questione del metodo
Par. IV. 3 - Gli scienziati babbei
Par. IV. 4 - La Fisica Quantistica
Par. IV. 5 - Il Big Bang e la fisica delle molte dimensioni
Par. IV. 6 - La Farmacologia
Par. IV. 7 - Medicina e cure alternative
Par. IV. 8 - I crimini della Psichiatria
Par. IV. 9 - La scienza dogmatica e le stranezze
Par. IV. 10 - La Patafisica: il rifiuto creativo della Scienza ufficiale

CAPITOLO V -LE TRUFFE DEL SISTEMA ECONOMICO-FINANZIARIO....................................................................430
Par. V. 1 - Il falso capitalismo
Par. V. 2 - Le corporation transnazionali
Par. V. 3 - Il sistema finanziario e il Signoraggio
Par. V. 4 - Controllo dell'economia e Borsa
Par. V. 5 - Mercato monetario e Borsa
Par. V. 6 - Banche occidentali e banca islamica
Par. V. 7 - Proposte per nuovi sistemi finanziari

BIBLIOGRAFIA....................................................................566

INTRODUZIONE

Quando veniamo al mondo troviamo una realtà già costituita nei minimi dettagli: apprendiamo come vestirci, cosa mangiare, come salutare, come relazionarci agli altri, ecc. Crescendo, non ci accorgiamo neppure che dall'esterno ci giunge una serie di imposizioni su una quantità enorme di comportamenti. Ci adattiamo a tutti gli aspetti formali della realtà, e ad essi conformiamo la nostra mente.
Alcune convenzioni semplificano la vita, e tanto maggiore è la loro uniformità, tanto minore sarà lo sforzo individuale di assumersi responsabilità e di spiegare le proprie scelte agli altri. Tuttavia, esistono aspetti della realtà che dovrebbero implicare un'assunzione di responsabilità da parte dei singoli individui. Ad esempio, la scelta del sistema finanziario più adeguato o dell'assetto politico. Di fatto tali scelte non sono compiute consapevolmente dagli individui, ma preesistono a loro. Non è dato ai cittadini comuni, anche di maggiore età, di assumere decisioni su questi aspetti importanti della realtà. Molti credono che non sia così così perché si illudono che andando a votare esercitano potere politico, ma in realtà i candidati sono scelti dai Partiti.
Il punto è: chi decide per noi? Chi ha interesse a mantenere un determinato assetto? In che modo tale assetto viene mantenuto invariato nei suoi aspetti fondamentali? Perché la situazione attuale del pianeta vede la maggior parte delle persone vivere in miseria o in preda a gravi problemi economici e risulta comunque difficile abbattere un sistema così iniquo?
Questo libro analizza tali questioni, individuando molti aspetti nei quali la nostra cultura appare controllata da gruppi di potere, che hanno interesse a mantenere lo "status quo", e dunque hanno bisogno di ingannare per continuare ad esercitare potere. Questo vuol dire che il sistema attuale è basato sull'inganno. L'inganno riguarda quasi tutti i settori dello scibile, nei quali vengono prodotte conoscenze che determinano persino le credenze che abbiamo su noi stessi.
In molti settori, compresi quello scientifico e storico, ci vengono date conoscenze talvolta inesatte, mistificate o addirittura false, per indurci a credere che il sistema attuale sia accettabile, oppure per condizionare le menti a tal punto da eliminare le risposte indesiderate.
La Scienza ufficiale sembra essere una fonte esatta e imprescindibile di conoscenza, dalla quale trarre importanti informazioni su ciò che siamo, su come dobbiamo comportarci o curarci.
In realtà viviamo in un mondo che ci è sostanzialmente sconosciuto. Il nostro stesso cervello ci è sconosciuto. Non sappiamo, ad esempio, come il corpo calloso armonizzi i due emisferi cerebrali, né come le singole funzioni cognitive siano collegate alle zone del cervello neomammifero.
La Scienza ufficiale parla di “materia”, ma non è in grado di definire con esattezza tale realtà (1), che dovrebbe stare alla base della conoscenza del mondo fisico. La Fisica dei Quanti ci dice che la “materia”, così come viene intesa dalla Fisica tradizionale, non esiste, essendo l'universo caratterizzato dalla mancanza di solidità. Gli atomi, da cui dovrebbe derivare la realtà fisica, non sono solidi, ma quasi totalmente vuoti. Come alcuni scienziati precisano, “se un atomo avesse le dimensioni di una cattedrale, il nucleo sarebbe grande all'incirca come una monetina da dieci centesimi. In ordine a ciò si potrebbe dire che il vuoto può essere pieno e il pieno vuoto” (1).
All’interno della biotecnologia, si ignorano gli aspetti del cosiddetto “DNA spazzatura”, come l’intuito, la coscienza, l’empatia, la creazione artistica e il libero impulso dell’anima. L'essere umano risulta appiattito dalla sicurezza che egli sarebbe soltanto quel 5% di DNA, mentre, ovviamente, egli è molto di più, in quanto anche se non conosciuti dalla scienza, gli aspetti di quel 95% del DNA determinano la sua realtà.
Dunque, sappiamo pochissimo della realtà naturale e umana, tuttavia siamo indotti a credere che l'uomo ha raggiunto proprio in questi ultimi anni una notevole conoscenza.
Nonostante le sicurezze sulla realtà dovrebbero essere scarse, su questo pianeta la maggior parte delle persone possiede una certa sicurezza su ciò che va considerato "realtà". Miliardi di persone danno per scontati molti aspetti che hanno "ereditato" come veri dai loro genitori, che a loro volta li hanno ereditati dalla loro famiglia. Noi tutti siamo indotti ad abbracciare una determinata realtà perché l'abbiamo appresa dalla nascita. Metterla in discussione è difficile, e pochi lo fanno.
Non si tratta di una questione di mediocrità, ma piuttosto di credulità, di abitudine o di comodità. Moltissime persone si fidano delle religioni o di altre ideologie, credendo che attraverso di esse potranno capire la realtà e vivere meglio. Ma chi ha creato queste ideologie? Chi “costruisce” la realtà che miliardi di persone assumono come vera? Se sappiamo così poco della realtà, su cosa dovremmo costruire la nostra immagine del mondo?
Si punta a convincerci, in modo spesso affascinante, che la tecnologia possa di per sé offrire un importante segno di progresso dell'uomo contemporaneo. Allo stesso tempo però l'uomo di oggi sa ben poco della realtà in cui vive, egli ignora persino le vere caratteristiche del sistema finanziario, della realtà fisica o quantistica.
Nel mondo contemporaneo, siamo stimolati a credere ad una nostra presunta superiorità rispetto agli esseri umani del passato, ma allo stesso tempo siamo indotti ad accettare passivamente aspetti della realtà fondamentali per la nostra esistenza. Le nostre capacità cognitive sono sempre più appiattite dallo schermo TV e da una realtà già data, davanti alla quale diventiamo sempre più passivi.
Ogni generazione viene convinta di vivere in un periodo "speciale", come se il passato fosse peggiore rispetto al presente, e come se gli sviluppi scientifici o tecnologici potessero garantire una maggiore felicità o una maggiore evoluzione degli individui.
Gli ultimi secoli sono stati indicati come "speciali" dal gruppo dominante: l'Illuminismo nel Settecento voleva convincere che l'umanità fosse entrata nella fase della “ragione”, spazzando via la superstizione o l'irrazionalità; nel secolo successivo, il Positivismo convinse molti a credere nell'infallibilità della Scienza ufficiale, ed alcuni scienziati, ad oggi, fanno assurgere il campo scientifico ad unica fonte di conoscenza.
Nella convinzione di essere i protagonisti e artefici della tecnologia, ne diventiamo i passivi fruitori e le vittime.
Questo libro dimostra che la comodità di non essere responsabili di decidere per gli aspetti importanti dell'esistenza è come un boomerang, che ci colpisce inesorabilmente prima o poi.
Molte persone credono che l'economia abbia leggi “naturali” che le proteggono, ma in realtà anch'essa, come risulta evidente, non ha come obiettivo principale la sicurezza e il benessere dei popoli. L'inganno, dunque, si articola su ogni settore dell'esistenza umana, anche su quello economico e finanziario, anzi, proprio da questi settori nasce la maggiore truffa che i popoli subiscono da secoli.
Il sistema economico-finanziario attuale è basato sull’ignoranza dei popoli circa le sue vere caratteristiche, che saranno ampiamente spiegate in questo libro. Fenomeni come la concentrazione del potere mediatico, il Signoraggio, la mistificazione della Storia e gli inganni della Scienza, saranno chiariti e opportunamente argomentati. Si capirà come mai i popoli, pur dando gran parte dei propri guadagni per pagare il debito pubblico, si ritrovano più indebitati di prima. Si capirà come mai i programmi televisivi sono sempre più simili in tutto il mondo, e le notizie dei Tg sempre più stereotipate e appiattite.
La tesi ampiamente provata da questo libro è che il sistema attuale non è un sistema libero e democratico come molti credono, e ciò diventa evidente quando ci si rende conto di vivere in un sistema che non soltanto non rispetta i diritti degli individui, ma cerca di imporre un ordine precostituito, nel quale ogni essere umano dovrebbe diventare come un semplice burattino, piegato passivamente a ciò che un gruppo ristretto di persone decide. Tuttavia, i popoli vengono convinti di vivere in una "democrazia".
Sembrerebbe uno scenario assurdo, ma questa realtà appare chiara, e persino evidente, quando si inizia a perdere la disponibilità a credere di vivere in un sistema voluto da tutti, o l'unico possibile poiché dovuto alla “natura” umana. Queste stesse convinzioni sono frutto del condizionamento, anzi, ne rappresentano il risultato più importante.
La prova dell'esistenza di questa situazione è nell'analisi che questo libro fa dei settori più importanti della realtà in cui viviamo: i mass media, la Scienza, la Storia, l'Economia e la Finanza. In ognuno di questi settori è possibile individuare una serie di inganni e truffe contro i cittadini comuni. Si tratta di far credere ciò che non è, propugnando un consenso e un'accondiscendenza che altrimenti non si avrebbe.
L'inganno, come questo libro prova, è talvolta grossolano e basato sul potere di manipolare le informazioni dei media. La gente è spinta a credere a ciò che non è, oppure ad accettare realtà facsimili o mistificate. E' su questo inganno che si basa l'intera civiltà occidentale, spacciata per “democratica” ma profondamente fascista. Come disse Gandhi: “La democrazia occidentale nelle sue attuali caratteristiche, è una forma diluita di nazismo o fascismo. Al più è un paravento per mascherare le tendenze naziste e fasciste dell'imperialismo” (2).
Analizzando la realtà storica è possibile capire che negli ultimi secoli il potere si è via via concentrato nelle mani di un gruppo di famiglie, che si sono arricchite grazie al sistema finanziario, alle guerre e al controllo politico. Tale potere è stato trasmesso per eredità e rafforzato anche ai nostri giorni, attraverso il controllo della politica, della conoscenza e dei media.
Abbiamo una mondo in cui gli esseri umani vivono con opportunità e condizioni diverse. Alcuni vivono nel cosiddetto Terzo Mondo, in condizioni di estrema miseria, subendo guerre e dittature feroci, mentre altri vivono in abitazioni lussuose e mangiano cibi di prima qualità. Dunque chi ha creato la realtà attuale si cura di mantenere privilegi e ricchezza in alcuni ambienti, e di fomentare guerre e creare povertà in altri. La felicità umana dipenderebbe dunque dalla zona geografica in cui si nasce o dalla famiglia di origine. Tale assetto è favorevole solo ad una percentuale minima della popolazione mondiale, pari a circa il 10% della popolazione. Ma perché la stragrande maggioranza degli abitanti la accetta o non ha abbastanza forza per abbattere tale sistema?
Questo libro risponde a questa domanda, spiegando accuratamente gli inganni che servono a mantenere il sistema attuale e a farlo apparire come l'unica realtà possibile. Si tratta di inganni che riguardano i principali canali utilizzati per la “costruzione” della realtà: i mass media, la Scienza, la Storia, l'Economia e la Politica.
Per liberarsi dall'inganno e costruire un'altra realtà è necessario guardare il mondo con occhi diversi dal solito, uscendo dal condizionamento. Si rimane prigionieri quando si è disposti a credere di non esserlo, pur non avendo attuato quei processi di autoconsapevolezza necessari ad uscirne. E' proprio su questo che trae forza l'inganno: sulla disponibilità a credere che si possa facilmente e senza contributo personale costruire un futuro migliore e rispettoso dei diritti umani. Ciò non sarà mai possibile poiché la crescità è stata sempre, e sempre sarà, un frutto del senso di responsabilità, e dell’impegno, che iniziano proprio dal voler comprendere la realtà attuale, con coraggio e animo sincero.

NOTE

1) A questo proposito si veda: Penrose Roger, "La strada che porta alla realtà. Le leggi fondamentali dell’universo", Rizzoli, Milano 2004 e Greene Brian, "La trama del cosmo", Einaudi, Torino 2004.
2) Barrow John D., "Da zero a infinito. La grande storia del nulla", Mondadori, Milano 2005.
3) Gandhi Mohandas K., "Teoria e pratica della nonviolenza", Einaudi, Torino 1996, pp. 140-141.

ALCUNI ARGOMENTI TRATTATI NEL LIBRO:
- Significato e poteri della Scienza ufficiale.
- Falsità scientifiche e storiche.
- Caratteristiche della Borsa e dell’Alta Finanza.
- Storia della Borsa e del modello finanziario attuale.
- Tecniche di persuasione mediatiche e politiche.
- Significato e scopo della politica e dei sindacati attuali.
- Strumenti di mistificazione applicati in diversi settori mediatici.
- Proposte concrete per cambiare l’assetto finanziario attuale.
- Come la consapevolezza può produrre frutti nella realtà.

COME ACQUISTARE IL LIBRO: Per ordinare il libro occorre scrivere all'indirizzo e-mail
nuovaenergia@rocketmail.com
oppure all’indirizzo:
giadamd@libero.it
indicando NOME, COGNOME E INDIRIZZO COMPLETO.
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I dati personali saranno trattati in osservanza della legge 196/2003 sulla "privacy" e saranno cancellati dopo la spedizione richiesta.

Pubblicato da Antonella Randazzo

France to crack down on commodity derivatives

Euractiv, 01 September 2010

France warned European commissioners yesterday (31 August) that it will crack down on financial bets made in commodities markets to prevent speculative price movements.

Background

EU Internal Market Commissioner Charlie McCreevy opened an investigation into the derivatives sector in October 2008, a month after the collapse of Lehman Brothers, a bank heavily involved in the $600 trillion global derivatives market.

The advantage of derivatives is that they allow companies and governments to increase their means of managing risk. The disadvantage is that they are the top instrument for speculative operations. If used irresponsibly, they can increase risk at exponential levels, spreading the negative consequences of defaults across the markets.

Establishing central clearing houses is considered a moderate way of reducing systemic risk related to derivatives. Instead of being exchanged privately ('over the counter'), they could be processed through an intermediary, a move which is expected to improve transparency and reduce risk. The European Commission clearly supported this approach in a communication published in July 2009 (EurActiv 06/07/09).

La tenaglia della disoccupazione

Paneacqua, Francesco Scommi, 31 agosto 2010, 15:20

L'Istat diffonde i dati di luglio, disoccupazione all'8,4 per cento, stabile rispetto al mese precedente ma in aumento di mezzo su luglio 2009. Il 26,8 per cento dei giovani è senza lavoro. Il ministro del Lavoro Sacconi: "Situazione preoccupante ma migliore rispetto al resto d'Europa". Cgil e Pd: Serve una risposta ma pensano solo ai problemi processuali del premier

Inflazione in lieve calo ad agosto e disoccupazione in calo a luglio rispetto a giugno, ma un giovane su quattro in Italia è senza lavoro: è questa la fotografia scattata dagli ultimi dati Istat. Frena dunque la corsa dei prezzi ad agosto: secondo la stima provvisoria dell'Istituto nazionale di statistica sale dello 0,2% rispetto a luglio e dell'1,6% tendenziale. Il mese scorso l'indice dei prezzi al consumo aveva segnato un +0,4% su base congiunturale e un +1,7% su base tendenziale.

Per Confcommercio i dati Istat "confermano il permanere di una condizione di convalescenza del sistema economico dopo il biennio gravemente recessivo 2008 - 2009". La frenata dell'inflazione in agosto è in linea con il resto d'Europa: secondo la stima 'flash' di Eurostat, il tasso annuo dell'inflazione nella zona euro sarebbe stato infatti pari a 1,6% contro 1,7% di luglio. Resta sostanzialmente stabile (8, 4 per cento) il tasso di disoccupazione a luglio, salito invece dello 0,5% in confronto a luglio 2009.

Oltre un giovane su quattro in Italia è disoccupato: il tasso di disoccupazione giovanile si è attestato infatti al 26,8% con un rialzo dell'1,1% su base annua e una flessione dello 0,6% su base mensile. Il tasso di disoccupazione maschile è al 7,5%, in calo di 0,2 punti percentuali rispetto a giugno e in aumento rispetto a luglio dell'anno scorso (0,5 punti). Il tasso di disoccupazione femminile è al 9,7%, in aumento sia su base mensile (0,1 punti) sia su base annua (0,5 punti).

Disoccupazione stabile in Europa: nel mese di luglio, i senza lavoro nei 16 paesi della zona euro erano 15,8 milioni, pari al 10%, mentre nell'Ue a 27 paesi i 23 milioni di disoccupati corrispondono a un tasso del 9,6%.

Per il ministro del Welfare, Maurizio Sacconi, "la situazione rimane certamente preoccupante, ma sarebbe colpevole non riconoscere il dato oggettivo di un differenziale positivo con l'Europa e di una tendenza negativa sostanzialmente fermatasi". Ma secondo il segretario confederale della Cgil Fulvio Fammoni "i dati sull'occupazione forniti oggi dall'Istat restano molto gravi e non si può continuare a rispondere che stiamo meglio della media europea". Inoltre, dice Fammoni, "a questi dati vanno aggiunti quelli sull'utilizzo altissimo della cig, che nel 2010 supererà il miliardo di ore autorizzate, sulle aziende in crisi e la piaga del lavoro nero". Per il segretario della Cgil, occorrerebbero "risposte urgenti a chi è senza lavoro e senza tutele e scongiurare che l'enorme platea di lavoratori che attualmente usufruisce di ammortizzatori sociali scivoli verso la disoccupazione. Servono, dunque, tutele certe per tutte le forme di lavoro. Invece, ad oggi, manca ancora la proroga per la cig in deroga, è fallito lo strumento dell'una tantum per i collaboratori e non si fa niente per chi termina o non può accedere all'indennità di disoccupazione". Infine, conclude Fammoni, "servirebbe dare stimolo ai consumi per far ripartire la produzione, ma di tutto questo nei cinque punti di verifica di governo non c'è traccia e la priorità restano le leggi ad personam".

Sulla stessa linea il Partito democratico con il capogruppo in commissione Lavoro alla Camera Cesare Damiano: "Il centrodestra si preoccupa solo dei problemi processuali del premier. Questa è la differenza tra noi e loro. Per di più l'autunno ci prepara una sorpresa amara: tra licenziamenti già avvenuti e potenziali sono a rischio circa 600mila posti di lavoro. Di questi 400 mila nei settori privati mentre 140mila precari perderanno il lavoro nella P.A. Oltre ai 20 mila della scuola. A questi vanno aggiunti i 70mila giovani vincitori di concorso nella P.A. che non troveranno impiego".

IRTA Convention Discounts Ending August 31

IRTA Convention Discounts Ending
August 31

As reported earlier, the 31st International Reciprocal Trade Association’s annual International Congress will be held in Pittsburgh this year. It is preceded with a huge annual trade show at the Pittsburgh Convention Center on Wednesday, October 27 from 5PM to 9PM. Attendees from around the world will be able to make barter purchases with IRTA’s “Universal Currency” from the hundreds of vendors onsite.

The convention begins the following morning (October 28) and runs through October 30. The entire program schedule for the convention has been announced.

For registration discount go to www.irta.com; for details contact Executive Director Ron Whitney at ron@irta.com.

THE ENEMY WITHIN THE GATES OF US-DOT

THE ENEMY WITHIN THE GATES OF OUR U.S. DEPT. OF TREASURY AND THE "TOP" OF U.S. FED. GOVT. CONSPIRACY PROVED

IMF Archives: Finding Aids
Bretton Woods Conference Collection:
Bretton Woods Conference Files
------------------------------------------------------------
Date(s): 1940-1947
Level of description: Series
Extent and medium: 7 linear feet of textual records

Context

Creator: Bretton Woods Conference

Administrative/Biographical history: During World War II, some governments were preparing post-war monetary plans — primarily through the efforts of the United Kingdom and the United States. The British Plan made public by Lord Keynes in early 1943, called for an "International Stabilization Fund" to help international economies. Harry Dexter White, deputy secretary of the U.S. Treasury, was called upon to formulate an American response to the British plan.

By March 1943, White was able to report to President Roosevelt on the progress on a "Stabilization Fund for the United and Associated Nations and an International Bank for Reconstruction and Development", a Treasury joint effort with the Department of State, the Board of Economic Warfare and the Export-Import Bank. By then, a draft had been prepared by representatives of the United States and United Kingdom and shared with technical experts from Russia and China. In June1943, White hosted a "Technical Experts Meeting" to discuss the Stabilization Plan. The meeting, attended by representatives of twelve nations — Belgium, Bolivia, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Ecuador, France, the Netherlands, Norway, Philippines, Poland, the United Kingdom, and the United States , brought about the underlying plans for the Bretton Woods Conference, which would convene a year later, in July 1944. By the spring of 1944, the "Joint Statement of Experts on the International Monetary Fund" was published simultaneously in eight consulting countries, reporting the views of experts for a more detailed plan.

The United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference opened on July 1, 1944 in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. Forty-four governments accepted the invitation of President Roosevelt to come together for the purposes of promoting international economic stability. U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau was elected president of the Conference. Three commissions were established to conduct the work of the Conference: Commission I was charged with formulating the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund, Commission II assumed the same responsibility with respect to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and Commission III was to consider other means on international financial cooperation. The commissions were chaired respectively by Harry D. White (United States), Lord Keynes (United Kingdom) and Dr. Eduardo Suarez (Mexico). In addition, several subcommittees were created to handle more technical and controversial problems. By the end of the Conference, the Articles of Agreement of the IMF and the Articles of Agreement of the IBRD were ready for ratification by member governments. The Articles of Agreement for both organizations entered into force on December 27, 1945. The Inaugural Meeting of the Boards of Governors of the Fund and the Bank took place on Wilmington Island, Georgia, near Savannah, in March 1946. Many of the same individuals who had been involved in the planning and formation of the Fund and the Bank, who now held positions in the Fund and the Bank, or served as Governors for their respective countries attended this meeting.

Content and structure http://www.imf.org/external/np/arc/eng/fa/BWC/s4.htm

Major Jordan's Diaries Ch. 12 at

snip: The immediate superior of Mr. Bell and Mr. Hall was a relative newcomer to the Treasury Department named Harry Dexter White. Revealing testimony about Mr. White has been made by Whittaker Chambers in his recent book, Witness:
In the persons of Alger Hiss and Harry Dexter White, the Soviet military intelligence sat close to the heart of the United States Government. It was not yet in the cabinet room, but it was not far outside the door…
Harry Dexter White had become Assistant Secretary of the Treasury. In a situation with few parallels in history, the agents of an enemy power were able to do much more than purloin documents.

They were in a position to influence the nation’s foreign policy in the interests of the nation’s chief enemy, and not only on exceptional occasions like Yalta (where Hiss’ role, while presumably important, is still ill-defined), or through the Morgenthau Plan for the destruction of Germany (which is generally credited to White), but in what must have been the staggering sum of day-to-day decisions. [10]

With this clue in hand, the day-to-day progress of the decision on the engraving plates makes fascinating reading. Mr. Bell again conferred with Harry Dexter White.

He pointed out that the plates which had been engraved for the Treasury Department were, in fact, the property of the Forbes Company in Boston and if we insisted that they should make duplicate sets available to the Russians, it is possible that the Forbes Company would simply refuse to print any further currency for us, on the grounds that security control had been removed and they could not be responsible for anything that might happen to the printing of the currency from that time on. [11]

He added that not only could the U.S. print all the currency the Russians could possibly desire, but

“we could have the first shipment ready for them before the Russians could start manufacturing currency from plates that we might make available to them.”What did Henry Dexter White think of all this?

White said that he

…had read with considerable interest the memorandum of March 3 from Mr. Hall to Mr. Bell on this subject, but he was somewhat troubled with the views expressed therein, which indicated that we could not make these plates available to the Russians…

Mr. White reiterated that he was loath to turn the Russian request down without further review of the matter. He called attention to the fact that in this instance we were not printing American currency, but Allied currency and that Russia was one of those allies who must be trusted to the same degree and to the same extent as the other allies. [12]

Never, of course, had any other ally asked for engraving plates nor had we supplied them. We had printed other occupation currency for use in Italy and Japan, and our other allies were perfectly satisfied with this arrangement, but Mr. White made no reference to this.

Mr. White then records his meeting with Ambassador Gromyko at the Soviet Embassy in Washington on the evening of March 22. He relates that Gromyko

“kept coming back with a question which he asked a number of times, namely, why the Forbes Company should object to giving a duplicate set of plates to his Government. He said that after all the Soviet Government was not a private corporation or an irresponsible government. I explained to him how both the Forbes Company and the American Banknote Company felt but I am afraid he remained unimpressed with the reasons I offered.” [13]

At no point did Mr. White say that our Government, for which he was in this instance the spokesman, objected to providing duplicate plates because this would make accountability impossible. There was only the integrity of two American business firms with which to meet Russian demands and protect the interests of the United States.

The State Department also heard from Mr. Harriman in Moscow that

“the Russians could not accept the explanation of a private printing company interfering with the program under consideration. The Russians asked that they be told whether the plates would or would not be made available to them. In the event the plates were not made available, they were prepared to proceed with the printing of their own variety of mark currency.” [14]

This threat had the desired effect.

When Senator Bridges asked Assistant Secretary Petersen at the closed hearing, “Who in the United States made the decision to turn over, to the Russians, United States engraved printing plates for producing currency?”, Petersen answered: “The record as I have seen it in the War Department indicates that the decision was made by the State and Treasury Departments…” [15]

The decision was made on April 14, 1944. It was recorded by James Clement Dunn of the State Department in the following memorandum of his conversation with Secretary Morgenthau. The paragraph next to last, referring to the difficulties raised by the Forbes Company, indicates that the Treasury Department was ready and willing to assume, under the President’s War Powers, the responsibility which the business firms would not undertake. Here is Mr. Dunn’s memo in full:

DEPARTMENT OF STATE

Memorandum of

TELEPHONE CONVERSATION

Date: April 14, 1944.

Subject: Duplicate plates to be furnished to the Soviet Government.
Participants: Mr. Henry Morgenthau, Jr., Secretary of the treasury; Mr. Dunn,

Copies to: SEE – Mr. Bohlen.

Mr. Morgenthau telephoned me this morning to say that he was informing the Soviet Ambassador this afternoon that the duplicate plates for the printing of the Allied military mark to be used in the invasion of Germany would be furnished to the Soviet Government in response to that Government’s request. He asked whether the Department of State was in favor of this action.

I replied that it was the opinion of this Department from the political point of view, aside from any military considerations or any technical questions or difficulties, that if possible it was highly advisable to have the duplicate plates furnished to the Soviet Government in order that the three Governments and the three Armies entering Germany would be using the same identical currency.

The Soviet Government had informed us that if the plates were not furnished to it, that Government would proceed to produce a different currency for use in Germany. It was our opinion that it would be a pity to lose the great advantage of having one currency used by the three Armies, which itself would indicate a degree of solidarity which was much to be desired not only for the situation in Germany but for its effect on the relations in may other aspects between the Soviet, British, and United States Governments.

Mr. Morgenthau said he was very glad to have this expression of the Department’s views on this question as there might be some technical difficulties arise which would require the Treasury to take over, under the President’s War Powers, the plant which is now using the original plates for the production of these marks.

This question has been up between the United States and Soviet Governments since last November, and it has become perfectly clear to us as a result of the exchanges of correspondence on the subject that the Soviet Government is not ready to join in the common use of the same currency unless it receives the duplicate plates from us.

In order to convince the Soviet Government of our sincerity in the desire to have the closest collaboration in these military operations against Germany, it becomes essential that we make every effort within our possibility to furnish the plates to that Government.

JAMES CLEMENT DUNN. [16]

On the same day Secretary Morgenthau sent a memo to Soviet Ambassador Gromyko saying,

“There will be shipped from Washington on Tuesday, April 8, glass negatives and positives of all plates used for printing M-marks. The designs are in negative and positive forms since it is not known which is preferred by the Soviet Government.”
He ended by saying,

“The U.S. Treasury is desirous to cooperate with the Soviet Government in this matter in every possible way.” [17]

It was not until May 13 that the first shipment actually left the Washington airport. There was a comedy of errors on the second shipment, which was supposed to leave by plane at 6 A.M. on Tuesday, May 23. Mr. Hall reported to Mr. Bell as follows:

The material was loaded on the trucks yesterday, and a crew of men brought in to work at 5 A.M. today (May 23), and delivery was made to the Airport before 6 A.M…. I called Colonel Frank H. Collins (of the ATC) to ascertain whether the planes had left, and he informed me that the crews of the five planes were standing by waiting for the representatives of the (Soviet) Embassy. He further stated that the crews were becoming impatient as they wanted to land at Great Falls, Montana, before sundown. [18]

The trouble was that the Soviet Embassy had arranged for their couriers to board he planes on May 24! The five airplanes were therefore held overnight with “a guard in each plane, and a guard around the area where the planes were parked.”

They left early on Wednesday, May 24, after each courier arrived with an additional box weighing over 200 pounds. Colonel Collins said he “thought the extra boxes contained American canned goods and American liquor.” [19]

As for the third shipment, said Mr. Hall,

“it is now necessary to uncrate all of the material and rearrange the whole shipment. You will remember when we talked to the Ambassador (Gromyko), he insisted upon complying strictly with instructions he received from his government, and now that his government had reversed itself, we have to do the job all over again.
This has been a pretty trying assignment for all associated with it.” [20]

Was there anything else that Russia could possibly ask from the Treasury? Yes, it could ask us to repeat one of the planeloads. That is exactly what Gromyko asked on June first, in a note to Morgenthau which stated briefly that “all the materials… perished in connection with a crash of the plane which carried them.” [21] Gromyko said absolutely nothing about when the crash occurred, or where.

Did we ask for proof of the crash, or direct any questions whatever to Gromyko about the alleged accident? On the contrary, Secretary Morgenthau promptly answered:

“I am pleased to inform you that the seven items representing replacement of the materials lost in the plane crash will be ready for shipment on Wednesday, June 7… I trust that this arrangement meets with your approval.” [22]

Why was Russia so insistent on printing German occupation currency without accountability? The answer is quite simple. They knew that the U.S. Army would convert such currency into dollars. (Russia, of course, refused to redeem the same currency with roubles.) As a result, every Russian-made mark that fell into the hands of an American soldier or accredited civilian became a potential charge against the Treasury of the United States.

Russia could pay its occupation army in marks, and in fact did so, adding a two-year bonus for good measure. If the Red Army could get anything out of the German economy with these marks, all well and good. If they could get anything out of America, even better.

In any event, these marks cost the Russian economy nothing whatever. With the materials provided from Washington, they took over a former Nazi printing plant in Leipzig, deep in the Russian zone, at a safe distance from American inspection, and started the presses rolling.

Any GI could buy a pack of cigarettes for 8 cents at a U.S. Army Post exchange. For this the Russian and German black-markets would offer him 100 marks from the Leipzig mint. To realize a profit of almost $10 on an 8-cent package of cigarettes, the American had only to take his 100 Leipzig marks to an Army Post Office, purchase a $10 money order and mail it to the United States.

It was revealed that the standard offer for a five-cent candy bar was 50 marks, or $5; $18 for one pound of Crisco; $20 for one K-ration; $25 for a pound of coffee, and $2,500 for a wrist watch costing $17.

By December 1946, the U.S. Military Government found itself $250,000,000 or more in the red. It had redeemed in dollars at least $2,500,000,000 marks in excess of the total marks issued b its Finance Office! The deficit could have had no other origin than the Russian plant in Leipzig.

Let us read once again the War Department’s testimony at the hearing in 1947:

Chairman Bridges: Was there any action taken by the War Department to restrict the number of notes issued by the Russians?
Mr. Petersen: The answer of the War Department is “No.”

Chairman Bridges: And, as far as you know, was there any action taken by the State or the Treasury Department to restrict Russia in the number of notes she would issue?

Mr. Petersen: To my knowledge, none.

Chairman Bridges: My next question is, does Russia still have the plates, so far as you know?

Mr. Petersen: As far as I know, they still have the plates.

Chairman Bridges: And as far as you know, are they still printing the currency?

Mr. Petersen: As far as I know, they are still printing the currency.

Chairman Bridges: And has there been any protest from this Government endeavoring to stop them?

Mr. Petersen: There have been strenuous efforts from the Allied Control Council in Berlin to obtain an accounting from the Russians as to the amount of Allied military marks which they have issued. Those efforts have been unsuccessful. [23]

To everyone’s surprise, the Russians at one point agreed to submit quarterly statements of the volume of money they were putting into circulation. Their statements were so palpably rigged, however, that American officers called them “unbelievable.” In that case, smiled the Russians, it would be useless to make further reports.

It took 18 months before Russia’s siphon into the American Treasury was severed. The Army’s payroll in Germany was shifted from Allied marks to U.S. Military Certificates, which were non-convertible.

In addition to the $250,000,000, there was a further loss, which through small was mortifying. A charge of $18,102,84 was rendered to the Soviet Embassy, covering the expense of the engraving plates and the materials in the three 1944 deliveries. The bill was ignored and is still unpaid. The Russians, as Mr. Petersen indicated, still have the plates and undoubtedly a good deal of knowledge regarding U.S. currency manufacture techniques.

As for Harry Dexter White, his ascent was steady. Five months after the duplicate plates fiasco, there was a conference of the Secretaries of State, War and the Treasury at the Hopkins office in the White House. White read a prospectus for the doom of Germany: It’s people were to become a pastoral horde; their entire industrial plant would be removed or destroyed; all equipment was to be torn from the Ruhr mines, and it’s coal deposits would be “thoroughly wrecked.”

Secretary Stimson was struck with horror – an emotion which Secretary Hull shared. They learned with consternation two weeks afterward that the “Morgenthau Plan” had been initiated by President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill at the Quebec Conference of Sept. 11, 1944. To Mr. Roosevelt’s face, Secretary Hull charged that Churchill’s signature was procured by Morgenthau with an offer of $6,500,000,000 of postwar Lend-Lease for Britain. [24]

From Assistant to the Secretary, Mr. White moved up to Assistant Secretary of the Treasury in 1945. During February 1946, he was appointed by President Truman, and confirmed by the Senate as U.S. Director of the International Monetary Fund, with a tax exemption salary of $17,500.

The name of Harry White became so important in the record of the Senate committee that finally Senator Bridges suggested calling him as a witness. But White was absent from the capital on vacation. It was announced that Morgenthau and White would be placed on the stand at a future section, but this was never called.

Mr. White submitted his resignation from the International Monetary Fund on June 19, 1947, the day after the committee recessed. When the economist was put on oath the following year, he denounced the Chambers accusations as “unqualifiedly false.” He was not and never had been a Communist, White affirmed, and had committed no disloyal act. But two weeks later his funeral was held at Temple Israel in Boston: he had died of a heart attack.

In November of that year Whittaker Chambers produced five rolls of microfilmed documents. Among them were eight pages of script divulging U.S. military secrets. Found in possession of an acknowledged Communist courier, the handwriting was identified as that of Harry Dexter White. end snip] article continues http://www.sweetliberty.org/issues/wars/jordan/12.html .

WHEN THE INK was not yet dry on the Breton Woods Agreement-IMF-GATT prepared by the KEYSNIANS and presented in 1945..signed and agreed to in 1947 in Haiti.

This "Breton Woods-IMF-GATT" agreement set up the World Bank (Bank Act No. One) was to insure "Equal Parity" and "Non Interference with Sovereignties of Nations"...states same in the first 4 sections. It was designed to rebuild War Torn Europe..and go no further. It was not designed to become the 'global terrorist' it has become, nor was it designed to destroy the Government of the united States of We the People.

IMF Archives: Finding Aids
Bretton Woods Conference Collection:
Ansel F. Luxford Papers

Date(s): 1940-1947
Level of description: Series
Extent and medium : 12.5 linear feet of textual records.
Context

Creator: Luxford, Ansel F.

Administrative/Biographical history: Ansel F. Luxford was the U.S. Treasury Assistant General Counsel and Chief Legal Advisor to the U.S. delegation at the Bretton Woods Conference. Luxford also served as Technical Advisor to the U.S. delegation at the Inaugural Meeting of the Board of Governors of the IMF. He later served as Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Treasury (1944-1946). Luxford joined the Bank in 1947, where he was Assistant General Counsel and later General Counsel of the Bank.

Content and structure

Scope and content: The series (boxes 7-25) contains files maintained by Ansel F. Luxford while at U.S. Treasury, then as a technical advisor to the U.S. delegation at the Bretton Woods Conference and later at the Bank. Materials consists of correspondence, memoranda, notes, drafts, Conference and Bank / IMF issuances and printed material. Some of the material was re-arranged during Luxford's tenure as Assistant General Counsel of the Bank in well organized and indexed sets. When transferred to the IMF, the files were in a loose alphabetical order by subject. Generally, files contain: documents regarding the development of the initial proposal for an International Stabilization Fund (in files: International Stabilization Fund, International Stabilization Fund Memoranda and Correspondence/ Preliminary Draft Outline/ Questions and Answers); correspondence, memoranda and drafts of the Joint Statement by Experts on the Establishment of an International Monetary Fund of the United and Associated Nations (in files: Reports -International Monetary Fund [Joint] Statement, International Stabilization Fund, Joint Statement /Legal Memoranda); drafts and minutes of meetings of the Conference at Atlantic City (in files: Bank Atlantic City and Fund Pre-Atlantic City); memoranda regarding the organization of the Conference, the drafting and the interpretation of the Articles of Agreement as well as Conference Documents, and printed copies (in files: Bank, IMF, Bretton Woods, Articles of Agreement, Comparisons, Reports, Preliminary Draft, Working Draft:); and correspondence with Department of State, Federal Reserve, Congressmen, bankers regarding the U.S. enabling legislation (in files: Bank Legal Memoranda, Bankers, Legislation, Congressional Records). There is also material regarding the Inaugural Meeting of the Board of Governors in Savannah (in files: Board of Governors) and the drafting of the IMF Rules and Regulations (in files: Rules and Regulations), as well as a fairly large collection of press clippings.

File 7/74
Anglo-American Financial Agreement. — 1946
Scope and content: File contains U.S. Congress printed material concerning the Anglo-American Financial Agreement of December 1945.

File 7/75
Articles of Agreement. — 1944
Scope and content: File contains published copies of the Articles of Agreement for the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, adopted at the Bretton Woods Conference.

File 7/76
Articles of Agreement (Annotations). — June 1944
Scope and content: File contains typescript copy of "Annotations of the Articles of Agreement".

File 7/77
Articles of Agreement (By-Laws). — 1945-1946
Scope and content: File contains 1946 memo regarding proposed amendments to the by-laws of the Bank; copy of June 1945 "Second Report of the Federation of British Industries on the Final Act of the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference".

File 7/78
Articles of Agreement (Comparisons). — 1945
Scope and content: File contains large charts explaining the genus of the Articles of Agreement from earlier proposals through the Final Act.

File 7/79
Articles of Agreement (U.K. Drafts). — June 11-26, 1944
Scope and content: File contains "Report by the United Kingdom Delegation on the Preliminary Conversations with other delegates and suggestions for the amendment of the agreed statement of principles"; also contains a copy of the fourth draft of the proposed Final Act.

File 7/80
[Bank] Atlantic City Conference, Drafts of Agreement. — 1942-1944
Scope and content: File contains set of preliminary drafts of articles of agreement, notes and excerpts.

File 7/81
[Bank] Atlantic City Conference, Minutes of Meetings. — June 24-30, 1944
Scope and content: File contains typed minutes of meetings held by United States and United Kingdom delegations on to discuss the U.K. suggestions.

File 7/82
[Bank] Atlantic City Conference, U.S. Document, Preamble Purposes. — July 22, 1944
Scope and content: File contains excerpt from documents distributed to the delegations at the Atlantic City meeting on the preamble and purposes of the Bank.

File 7/83
[Bank] Bretton Woods Conference, Final Act. — 1944
Scope and content: File contains the official document outlining the Articles of Agreement for both the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Monetary Fund (GD-48).

File 7/84
[Bank] Bretton Woods Conference, Final Committee Report. — 1944
Scope and content: File contains annotated copy of "Report of all Committees to Commission II, July 20, 1944" outlining the Articles of Agreement for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (CII/RP1).

File 7/85
[Bank] Bretton Woods Conference, Memoranda. — 1944
Scope and content: File contains June-July 1944 memoranda on guarantee issues.

File 7/86
[Bank] Bretton Woods Conference, Organization. — April-July 1944
Scope and content: File contains a set of documents from the planning of the Bretton Woods Conference (Committee structure, regulations, U.S. Delegation, terms, drafts for official statements, etc.).

File 7/87
[Bank] Bretton Woods Conference, Lord Keynes Closing Speech. — 1944
Scope and content: File contains verbatim minutes of the closing plenary session of the Bretton Woods Conference, including keynote address by Lord Keynes.

Files

8/88-89
[Bank] Comparative Collection of Alternatives, Articles of Agreement. — July 22, 1944
Scope and content: Files contain two folders of typewritten copies of "Comparison of alternative proposals for Articles of Agreement of the IBRD".

Files

8/90-91
[Bank] Legal Memoranda. — 1944-1945
Scope and content: Files contain two folders of memoranda, mostly drafted by Richard Brenner, on the legal issues surrounding the creation of the IMF and the Bank from a U.S. perspective.

File 8/92
Bankers (Independent). — February-March 1945
Scope and content: File contains correspondence, memoranda, and publicity material on position of the Independent Bankers Association.

File 8/93
Bankers (NYS). — 1944-1945
Scope and content: File contains memoranda, questions for meeting with New York State Bankers Association.

File 8/94
Bankers, Position of. — May 1945
Scope and content: File contains correspondence, memoranda, and publicity material, including press conferences by U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Morgenthau, on bankers position on the Bretton Woods Agreements Act.

File 8/95
Bretton Woods Bibliography. — 1943-1946
Scope and content: File contains bibliography of official documents, articles, and other publications on the Bretton Woods Agreements prepared by the Office of the General Counsel, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

File 8/96
Bretton Woods Conference - Draft Articles of Agreement. — 1944
Scope and content: File contains Conference Documents and July 6, 1944 draft of the Articles of Agreement of the Bank.

File 8/97
Bretton Woods Speeches. — 1944-1945
Scope and content: File contains set of speeches on Bretton Woods by "Top Men in the United States Treasury Department and the Federal Reserve System".

File 8/98
British Loan Agreement. — 1945-1946
Scope and content: File contains background material, U.S. House of Representatives and Senate vote tally sheets on prospective votes on the loan agreement between the United States and the United Kingdom.

File 8/99
British Loan - House Speeches. — 1946
Scope and content: File contains vote tally sheets on position of U.S. House members on U.K. Loan as indicated by their public statements.

File 8/100
British Loan - Speeches. — 1945-1946
Scope and content: File contains U.S. Department of State publication, "Proposals for Expansion of World Trade and Employment" and U.S. Senate Resolution on the British Loan Agreement.

File 9/101
Boards of Governors - Savannah Meeting Documents. — 1946
Scope and content: File contains Bank Documents issued for the Inaugural Meeting of the Board of Governors of the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, held in Savannah, Georgia in March 1946 (B1-B29).

File 9/102

http://www.imf.org/external/np/arc/eng/fa/BWC/s2.htm

No. 18/1957:

BRETTON WOODS AGREEMENTS ACT, 1957 http://acts2.oireachtas.ie/print/zza18y1957.1.html